reconstruction: america after the civil war part 3

READ MORE: How the 1876 Election Effectively Ended Reconstruction. Reconstruction: America After The Civil War Part Two Explore the rise of Jim Crow and the undermining of Reconstruction's legal and political legacy, and see how African Americans fought back using artistic expression to put forward a "New Negro" for a new century. By 1870, all of the former Confederate states had been admitted to the Union, and the state constitutions during the years of Radical Reconstruction were the most progressive in the region’s history. Focusing on the transitional period of 1877 to 1896, the first hour of Part two (episode 3) examines the active and often violent dismantling of Reconstruction. After 1867, an increasing number of southern whites turned to violence in response to the revolutionary changes of Radical Reconstruction. Apart from being required to uphold the abolition of slavery (in compliance with the 13th Amendment to the Constitution), swear loyalty to the Union and pay off war debt, southern state governments were given free rein to rebuild themselves. March 2, 1867: Reconstruction Act of 1867 The Reconstruction … Part two of this engaging documentary tackles the long retreat from Reconstruction (to read a review of Part one, click here). In what Eric Foner calls a “Twilight Zone,” the remaining two hours reveal African Americans who refused to abandon the promise of Reconstruction, even as the nation gave up on them legally, politically, economically, and culturally.[1]. ... RECONSTRUCTION: AMERICA AFTER THE CIVIL WAR: Part 1, Hour 2. Reconstruction: America After the Civil War, episode 3, directed by Julia Marchesi (Inkwell Films and McGee Media, 2019). Andrew Johnson and Presidential Reconstruction, How the Black Codes Limited African American Progress After the Civil War. Gates’s telling of this complex and misunderstood era still permits the silencing of black women’s activism within the National Association of Colored Women and even the rise of New Negro Womanhood, to favor a rather conventional narrative centered on the Niagara Movement and emergence of the NAACP. Despite the amendment, by the late 1870s discriminatory practices were used to prevent Black citizens from exercising their right to vote, especially in the South. Gates, moreover, showcases the rich diversity of stellar scholars on screen. No matter how “bitter the chastening rod,” to borrow from the Black National Anthem, the second part of the Henry Louis Gates’s documentary on Reconstruction shows how African Americans kept fighting well after the Compromise of 1877. Despite these missed opportunities, Henry Louis Gates’s Reconstruction: America After the Civil War is a worthwhile update to previous documentaries. Among the other achievements of Reconstruction were the South’s first state-funded public school systems, more equitable taxation legislation, laws against racial discrimination in public transport and accommodations and ambitious economic development programs (including aid to railroads and other enterprises). It brings to popular audiences the recent scholarship in Reconstruction studies and African American history. Widely enacted throughout the South following the Civil War—a period called Reconstruction—these laws both limited the ...read more. The Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist organizations targeted local Republican leaders, white and Black, and other African Americans who challenged white authority. Reconstruction (1865-1877), the turbulent era following the Civil War, was the effort to reintegrate Southern states from the Confederacy and 4 million newly-freed people into … Segregation was made law several times in 18th and 19th-century America as some believed that Black and white people were incapable of coexisting. These processes contributed to the culling of African American leaders and entrepreneurs who posed threats to Henry Grady’s New South vision, and they also limited future success by entrapping African Americans in either debt or prison labor camps. The South needed to be rebuilt. The film takes a broad view of the Reconstruction era and its aftermath, beginning with the hopeful moment of war’s end and emancipation in 1865, and carrying through to 1915, when the nation was fully entrenched in Jim Crow segregation. Racism was still a potent force in both South and North, and Republicans became more conservative and less egalitarian as the decade continued. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Yet, they are absent from Part two. Reconstruction: America After the Civil War explores the transformative years following the American Civil War, when the nation struggled to rebuild itself in the face of profound loss, massive destruction, and revolutionary social change. Skip to Content. Prior to that, while James Buchanan was president there was a huge disagreement about slavery between the northern and southern states. On April 19 and 20, the University of Connecticut at Storrs hosted the 2019 Draper Conference on the topic of “The Greater Reconstruction: American Democracy after the Civil War.” The two-day event featured eight panels, consisting of thirty-one paper presentations and a keynote address. Though federal legislation passed during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant in 1871 took aim at the Klan and others who attempted to interfere with Black suffrage and other political rights, white supremacy gradually reasserted its hold on the South after the early 1870s as support for Reconstruction waned. The Causes Of Reconstruction During The American Civil War 707 Words | 3 Pages. Over the next several years, Lincoln considered ideas about how to welcome the devastated South back into the Union, but as the war drew to a close in early 1865, he still had no clear plan. abolished slavery, the Civil Rights … in History from Tufts University in 2003, and Ph.D. in History from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2010. Did you know? The second hour of Part two (episode 4) focuses on the story’s nadir and the role of southern propaganda in achieving victory with the cultural redemption of Reconstruction. During the 1870s, many Republicans retreated from both the racial egalitarianism and the broad definition of federal power spawned by the Civil War. Extras. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window), Click to share on Telegram (Opens in new window). [2] Reconstruction: America After the Civil War, episode 3, directed by Julia Marchesi (Inkwell Films and McGee Media, 2019). The National Constitution Center’s new permanent exhibit, Civil War and Reconstruction: The Battle for Freedom and Equality, is the first in America devoted to exploring how constitutional clashes over slavery set the stage for the Civil War, and how the nation transformed the Constitution after the war to more fully embrace the Declaration of Independence’s promise of liberty and equality. Yet, even these counter-resistance efforts could not stop white Americans from embracing D. W. Griffith’s The Birth of Nation (1915) and a national reconciliationist impulse grounded in not only whiteness, but also in the failure of Reconstruction. As historian Jelani Cobb stated, these newspapers provided the first draft of African American history. She is the author of Educational Reconstruction: African American Schools in the Urban South, 1865-1890 (Fordham, 2016). During Reconstruction, the Republican Party in the South represented a coalition of Black people (who made up the overwhelming majority of Republican voters in the region) along with "carpetbaggers" and "scalawags," as white Republicans from the North and South, respectively, were known. Congressional Reconstruction. To catch up, you’ll find Millington Bergeson-Lockwood’s review of Episodes 1 and 2 here. The law also required southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment, which broadened the definition of citizenship, granting “equal protection” of the Constitution to formerly enslaved people, before they could rejoin the Union. After northern voters rejected Johnson’s policies in the congressional elections in late 1866, Radical Republicans in Congress took firm hold of Reconstruction in the South. Reconstruction refers to the period immediately after the Civil War from 1865 to 1877 when several United States administrations sought to reconstruct society in the former Confederate states in particular by establishing and protecting the legal rights of the newly freed black population. This new, four hour documentary series will tell the full story of this misrepresented and misunderstood chapter of American history. Learn what happened after the guns of the Civil War fell silent, the beginning of the Reconstruction era, in this 2-part interactive tutorial. The attackers' goal: to reverse dramatic political gains made by Black citizens after the ...read more, On September 22, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which declared that as of January 1, 1863, all enslaved people in the states currently engaged in rebellion against the Union “shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.” ...read more, Black codes were restrictive laws designed to limit the freedom of African Americans and ensure their availability as a cheap labor force after slavery was abolished during the Civil War. Reconstruction: America After the Civil War explores the transformative years. The Reconstruction implemented by Congress, which lasted from 1866 to 1877, was aimed at reorganizing the Southern states after the Civil War, providing the means for readmitting them into the Union, and defining the means by which whites and blacks could live together in a nonslave society. Reconstruction: America After The Civil War. As a collector of early African American photography, I appreciated this portion of the documentary. The First Black Man Elected to Congress Was Nearly Blocked From Taking His Seat, How the 1876 Election Effectively Ended Reconstruction. Learn how your comment data is processed. . The era was to a great extent defined by their quest for autonomy and ...read more, Between 1863 and 1877, the U.S. government undertook the task of integrating nearly four million formerly enslaved people into society after the Civil War bitterly divided the country over the issue of slavery. It witnessed America's first experiment in interracial democracy. April 17, 2019. Also, many people had Confederate money which was now worthless and the local governments were in disarray. READ MORE: When Did African Americans Get the Right to Vote? This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. The Compromise of 1876 marked the end of Reconstruction as a distinct period, but the struggle to deal with the revolution ushered in by slavery’s eradication would continue in the South and elsewhere long after that date. After Johnson vetoed the bills–causing a permanent rupture in his relationship with Congress that would culminate in his impeachment in 1868–the Civil Rights Act became the first major bill to become law over presidential veto. READ MORE: The First Black Man Elected to Congress Was Nearly Blocked From Taking His Seat. Outrage in the North over these codes eroded support for the approach known as Presidential Reconstruction and led to the triumph of the more radical wing of the Republican Party. Episodes. A white slaveholding south that had built its economy and culture on ...read more, The 15th Amendment granting African American men the right to vote was adopted into the U.S. Constitution in 1870. In response to Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, which freed more than 3 million enslaved people in the Confederate states by January 1, 1863, Black people enlisted in the Union Army in large numbers, reaching some 180,000 by war’s end. By “blackening up their skin,” white Americans claimed cultural authority over black life, ranging from performances held at churches, schools, and theaters, to political campaign rallies. [1] Each episode appears on PBS.org, at https://www.pbs.org/weta/reconstruction/episodes/. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. (Harper's Weekly, June 27, 1874) The creation of autonomous black churches was a major achievement of the Reconstruction era, and a central component of blacks' conception of freedom. The Civil War was fought in America from 1861-1865. As the Reconstruction moment draws to its ultimate conclusion in the documentary, African Americans and their radical white allies continued to imagine a different type of world. Watch Your Shows Many Ways The following March, again over Johnson’s veto, Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867, which temporarily divided the South into five military districts and outlined how governments based on universal (male) suffrage were to be organized. Required fields are marked *. President Lincoln signed two Confiscation Actsinto law, the first on August 6, 1861, and the second on July 17, 1862, safeguarding fugitive slaves who crossed from the Confederacy across Union lines and giving them indirect emancipation if their masters continued insurrection against the United States. The southern focus also ignores the complex experiences of the Reconstruction North, Midwest, and West. At the end of May 1865, President Andrew Johnson announced his plans for Reconstruction, which reflected both his staunch Unionism and his firm belief in states’ rights. In addition to the legacy of UDC efforts, explained by Karen Cox and former New Orleans mayor Mitch Landrieu, Rhae Lynn Barnes explores the history of blackface and its popularity as contributing to the long cultural retreat of Reconstruction. and terrifying. Suggested Show. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Moreover, the combined and often reinforcing consequences of Supreme Court decisions, Congress’s inability to curb the unraveling of Reconstruction-era Constitutional gains, and redeemed southern governments’ policies and laws, all contributed to the rise of the Jim Crow era and disfranchisement. In the contested presidential election that year, Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes reached a compromise with Democrats in Congress: In exchange for certification of his election, he acknowledged Democratic control of the entire South. In less than a decade, however, reactionary forces—including the Ku Klux Klan—would reverse the changes wrought by Radical Reconstruction in a violent backlash that restored white supremacy in the South. In February 1869, Congress approved the 15th Amendment (adopted in 1870), which guaranteed that a citizen’s right to vote would not be denied “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”. Though the Union victory had given some 4 million enslaved people their freedom, the ...read more, On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation: “All persons held as slaves within any States…in rebellion against the United States,” it declared, “shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.” (The more than 1 million enslaved people in ...read more, Segregation is the practice of requiring separate housing, education and other services for people of color. . Join Henry Louis Gates, Jr. for this exploration of the transformative years following the Civil War, when the nation struggled to rebuild itself in the face of profound loss, massive destruction and revolutionary social change. Reconstruction (1865-1877), the turbulent era following the Civil War, was the effort to reintegrate Southern states from the Confederacy and 4 million newly-freed people into the United States. Episode 3 | 55m 53s | Video has closed captioning. Their actions debunked one of the strongest myths underlying Southern devotion to the “peculiar institution”—that many enslaved people were truly content in bondage—and convinced Lincoln that emancipation had become a political and military necessity. He was assassinated three days later, however, and it would fall to his successor to put plans for Reconstruction in place. Overall, the second part of this four-hour, engaging, teachable documentary captures the complexity of the long retreat of Reconstruction. Ida B. The Exoduster movement, as explained by Nell Irvin Painter, shows how some African Americans responded with their feet, migrating to the American West. A comprehensive and compelling history of the United States immediately following the Civil War. During this time, states in the South were slowly integrated back into the Union while political, economic, and social disparities were addressed to promise the stability of the nation as a whole. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. The first bill extended the life of the bureau, originally established as a temporary organization charged with assisting refugees and formerly enslaved people, while the second defined all persons born in the United States as national citizens who were to enjoy equality before the law. Baptismal ceremony at the First African Baptist Church in Richmond. Du Bois employed black photography as ammunition in the cultural war being waged with his “Exhibit of American Negros” at the 1900 Paris Exposition. As a result of Johnson’s leniency, many southern states in 1865 and 1866 successfully enacted a series of laws known as the “black codes,” which were designed to restrict freed Black peoples’ activity and ensure their availability as a labor force. With the death of Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington’s ascendancy to national prominence could not prevent the attacks on civil rights that would not be successfully challenged until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Hour three of the series examines the years 1877-1896, a transitional period that saw visions of a “New South” set the stage for the rise of Jim Crow and the undermining of Reconstruction’s legal and political legacy. © 2021 A&E Television Networks, LLC. By the summer of 1862, however, enslaved people, themselves had pushed the issue, heading by the thousands to the Union lines as Lincoln’s troops marched through the South. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Under Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction, all land that had been confiscated by the Union Army and distributed to the formerly enslaved people by the army or the Freedmen’s Bureau (established by Congress in 1865) reverted to its prewar owners. During Radical Reconstruction, which began with the passage of the Reconstruction Act of 1867, newly enfranchised Black people gained a voice in government for the first time in American history, winning election to southern state legislatures and even to the U.S. Congress. All Rights Reserved. Your email address will not be published. Emancipation changed the stakes of the Civil War, ensuring that a Union victory would mean large-scale social revolution in the South. By 1876, only Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina were still in Republican hands. The Union victory in the Civil War in 1865 may have given some 4 million slaves their freedom, but the process of rebuilding the South during the Reconstruction period (1865-1877) introduced a new set of significant challenges. A century later, the legacy of Reconstruction would be revived during the civil rights movement of the 1960s, as African Americans fought for the political, economic and social equality that had long been denied them. RECONSTRUCTION: AMERICA AFTER THE CIVIL WAR | Episode | Reconstruction | Part 2, Hour 1. In early 1866, Congress passed the Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil Rights Bills and sent them to Johnson for his signature. Reconstruction| Extended Trailer Here is the extended first look at Reconstruction: America After the Civil War. Forum: The Future of Reconstruction Studies, The Civil War and State-Building: A Reconsideration, Birthright Citizenship and Reconstruction’s Unfinished Revolution, In a Class by Itself: Slavery and the Emergence of Capitalist Social Relations during Reconstruction, Maintaining a Radical Vision of African Americans in the Age of Freedom, Reconstruction in Public History and Memory at the Sesquicentennial: A Roundtable Discussion, Forum: The Future of Civil War Era Studies, https://www.pbs.org/weta/reconstruction/episodes/, Facing the “False Picture of Facts”: Episodes 1 and 2 of Reconstruction: America After the Civil War - The Journal of the Civil War Era, Black Virginians in Blue: A Digital Project Studying Black Union Soldiers and Sailors from Albemarle County, Virginia, Insurrections, Indigenous Power, & The Empire for Slavery in the Southwest, Teaching the Layered Histories of the Mount Vernon Barracks, Insurrections Old and New: Teaching Perspective on the Events of January 6, 2021. The participation of African Americans in southern public life after 1867 would be by far the most radical development of Reconstruction, which was essentially a large-scale experiment in interracial democracy unlike that of any other society following the abolition of slavery. One of the most important aspects of Reconstruction was the active participation of African Americans (including thousands of formerly enslaved people) in the political, economic and social life of the South. It was still very unclear, however, what form this revolution would take. Under the administration of President Andrew Johnson in 1865 and 1866, new southern state legislatures passed restrictive “Black Codes” to control the labor and behavior of former enslaved people and other African Americans. At the outset of the Civil War, to the dismay of the more radical abolitionists in the North, President Abraham Lincoln did not make abolition of slavery a goal of the Union war effort. READ MORE: How the Black Codes Limited African American Progress After the Civil War. With Andia Winslow, Henry Louis Gates Jr., Mark Lund. ...read more, In September 1868, a dispute over a column published in an Opelousas, Louisiana partisan newspaper provoked one of the bloodiest incidents of racial violence in the Reconstruction era. In 1874—after an economic depression plunged much of the South into poverty—the Democratic Party won control of the House of Representatives for the first time since the Civil War. These diverse photographs showcased the men, women, and children who persisted through living and documenting meaningful lives created at the turn of the twentieth century. Gates concludes that Reconstruction never ended but remains an unfinished revolution, in which the nation is still grappling with what it means to be a “multiracial nation with equality for all.”[3]. Your email address will not be published. Happening with the end of the Civil War in 1865 and lasting to 1877 it was where the southern states that had seceded to form the Confederacy were slowly being brought back as part of the United States again. Post-Civil War America was a new world. Hour three of the series examines the years 1877-1896, a transitional period that saw visions of a … [3] Reconstruction: America After the Civil War, episode 4, directed by Julia Marchesi (Inkwell Films and McGee Media, 2019). The tastes of Reconstruction-era freedoms drove their sacrifice, activism, and demands for justice. The results of the Civil War was the decisive defeat of the Confederate States of America, and their eventual resumption of their status in the United States. In a speech delivered on April 11, while referring to plans for Reconstruction in Louisiana, Lincoln proposed that some Black people–including free Black people and those who had enlisted in the military–deserved the right to vote. Rather than accept second-class citizenship, they kept fighting. For once, white male scholars appear as the minority. The year after the war’s end, a U.S. Congress still operating without representation from most Confederate states passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, declaring Black Americans full citizens entitled to equal civil rights. Executive produced and hosted by Henry Louis Gates ’ s history what modern historians call.. Cultural authority with the “ two Real Coons ” performances between the northern and southern States to popular audiences recent... Entered what modern historians call Reconstruction four-hour, engaging, teachable documentary captures the complexity of the most turbulent controversial., Jr. and premiered on PBS in 2019 audiences the recent scholarship Reconstruction... Real Coons ” performances I appreciated this portion of the South still potent! About slavery between the northern and southern States composed the post-war Reconstruction (! 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